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It is widely acknowledged that CP/CPPS is associated with significant sexual dysfunction. More recently, the UPOINT-guided multimodal therapy has been shown to significantly improve symptoms. The major finding of the first UPOINT retrospective study was the strong correlation between the number of UPOINT positive domains and the NIH-CPSI total score in each patient, which was further verified by other studies. This phenotype is qualitative, with each domain scored as yes or no.

Each domain has been clinically defined, linked to specific mechanisms of symptom production or propagation, and associated with specific therapy. The clinical domains are urinary symptoms, psychosocial dysfunction, organ specific findings, infection, neurological/systemic, and tenderness of muscles. In 2009, Shoskes et al developed a 6-point clinical phenotyping system called UPOINT to classify patients with CPPS and interstitial cystitis and subsequently direct appropriate therapy. However, no validated predictors or biomarkers are currently available that help classify those patients in a way that could guide therapy. It is therefore rational to evaluate CP/CPPS patients as individuals with differing clinical phenotypes. The major reason for this is that patients with CP/CPPS are not a homogenous group with a single disease process who respond in the same way to specific medications, but rather a heterogeneous group of unique individuals with widely different etiological mechanism(s), disease characteristics, symptom complexes, and progression trajectories. To date, no single specific therapy is effective in all patients. Symptoms of this condition include chronic pain, voiding symptoms, and pelvic, sexual and psychosocial disturbances, among others. A population-based survey has shown the prevalence of CP/CPPS-like symptoms to be 4.5% in China. The prevalence was estimated between 2.2% and 13.8%. Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a common yet poorly understood condition, with significant economic costs and severe impact on the quality of life of diagnosed patients.

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